SHARMA`S COMMUNICATION SKILLS

WRITING SENTENCES WITH STYLE

Writing good sentences is the key to improving one‟s style of writing. It requires concentration, patience and a lot of practice. It is much more than stringing words together as they tumble out of writers‟ mind! Everyone can learn to write better sentences and improve sentences already written if writers observe the following five rules meticulously:

 Creating interest
 Making meaning clear
 Keeping sentences brief

(1) Creating interest

If one goes by the formal, academic styles that are commonplace in most writings, there is a strong tendency to „impress‟ rather to „express‟. Writings can be made more interesting by writing in an informal, conversational style. Since this style is used in everyday life, readers can understand easily. One must always remember that readers are customers and they should become receptive to writers‟ thoughts and ideas.
After all, the core purpose of the process of communication including written one, is to influence them to achieve some common objectives!

(2) Making meaning clear

Knowledge and application of various rules of grammar help us to focus the readers on the meanings we wish to convey. Once writers have clarity about an issue, grammar would take care of the conveyance of correct meanings. This involves the followings:
(i) Emphasizing the main idea
This can be ensured by:
(a) Using devices like capital letters, italics or blocking in word processing and printing. Using headings, inverted commas and other punctuations is also be helpful.
(b) Placing the idea effectively in a sentence. The most emphatic place is in the beginning of a sentence; next best is placing it at the end and the least important place is putting it anywhere in the middle of a sentence.
(ii) Avoiding wandering sentences
All parts of a sentence should contribute to one clear idea or impression. Long, winding and straggling sentences usually contain hodge-podge of unrelated ideas. Such long sentences should be broken up in to smaller ones or at the least, should move subordinate ideas in a subordinate form.
(iii) Avoiding ambiguity
Always remember that if a sentence can be misunderstood, it will be.
(iv) Making sure your modifiers say what you mean
Every modification to a sentence should improve the conveyance of clearer thought or idea.

(3) Keeping sentences brief

One can achieve brevity by dividing complex sentences in to small, bite-size ones. Writers must avoid unnecessary words and phrases. Needless repetition and elaborations must be deleted. A few suggestions are:
(i) Using strong verbs
Words are strongest in the verb form. Strong verbs liven up and electrify the sentence. The strong verbs add action to thoughts.
(ii) Using active forms
Active form is always preferable to a passive form of a sentence. It gives ones‟ writing a sense of energy, vitality and motion. In passive form, actor in the sentence is not allowed to act and the verbs are made weak and feeble. Before using a passive form, make sure that there is a strong justification for it.
(iii) Changing long modifiers to shorter ones
It enhances readability and comprehension of the thought process.

SHARMA`S COMMUNICATION SKILLS

WRITING STYLE

Many good ideas are lost because they are expressed in dull, wordy and involved way. No two people write exactly alike. Even writing about the same thing such as writing an essay in a school classroom, two persons will invariably say it differently.

“To write well is at once to think well, to feel rightly and to render properly. It is to have, at the same time, mind, soul and taste”.

There is seldom only one best way of writing – there are usually several equally good ways of writing.

Ben Johnson has said, “For a man to write well, there are required three necessaries: to read the best authors, observe the best speakers and much exercise to your own style”.

However, everyone must remember following four axiomatic truths about writing style:

(1) Style cannot be taught
(2) Each person‟s style is his / her own personality
(3) Style is unique to him / her
(4) Each one of us can improve our style

SHARMA`S COMMUNICATION SKILLS

MEANING FOR THE WORDS COMMONLY USED IN PHONETICS

(1) Organ – In animals and plants, it is a part composed of several tissues and adapted to the performance of a function or functions.

(2) Ravishing – It is something that causes a great joy or delight and is charming and enchanting.

(3) Physiology – It is a branch of biology dealing with the functions and vital processes of living organisms or their parts and organs.

(4) Mechanism – It is the working arrangement of parts of a machine.

(5) Energizer – It is the part played by the exhaled breath of the speaker in the mechanism for speech.

(6) Vibrator – Vocal cords of humans act as vibrators in the speech mechanism.

(7) Resonator – It is a device in the speech mechanism that produces resonance or increases sound of resonance.

(8) Respiratory system – It is the set of glands and organs that are connected with breathing air in and out – inhaling and exhaling of air.

(9) Phonatory system – It is the set of organs connected with uttering voiced words or vocalizing.

(10) Articulatory system – These are organs in the mouth and throat which, when moved, give or help to give speech sound with their characteristic acoustics properties.

(11) Larynx – It is the structure and cartilages at the end of human trachea containing the vocal cords and serving as the organ of sound.

(12) Pharynx – It is the throat muscles and membranous cavity of the alimentary canal leading from the mouth and nasal passages to the food pipe.

(13) Strictures – These represent the different ways in which the passage of air is restricted in speech mechanism.

(14) Pronunciation – It is the manner of pronouncing words with reference to the production of sound, placing of stress, intonation etc.

(15) Enunciation – It is to announce words clearly, distinctly and definitely.

SHARMA`S COMMUNICATION SKILLS

PARA LANGUAGE

Paralanguage is like a language where no words are spoken or sung – it is the sound that accompanies the words. It is a part of the non-verbal communication as, without the accompanying sound, words do not convey their intended meanings. Human voice is described as the organ of the soul and since it supports 38 % of the oral communication, it means that „how to say‟ is more important than „what to say‟.
Human beings may have baby voice, pleasing voice, firm voice or unattractive voice such as harsh, shrill and nasal voices. Quality of voice can be determined by its tone, pitch and texture. Tone of a voice can have profound impact on listeners – army commanders‟ tone can catapult soldiers to immediate action and mothers‟ tone can soothe the babies. Pitch is the manner of throwing or hurling forward ones‟ voice and impacts on the speed of delivery.
Texture is the composition and structure of the speech and speakers / writers must weave their offerings like artists that show their class.

Communicators must become familiar with the phonetics (study of sounds, their combination and reproduction), process and physiology of speech. Speech mechanism of human beings consists of three parts – energizers, vibrators and resonators. Speech entails use of organs of respiratory, phonatory and articulatory systems and the process of articulation involves the palate, tongue and lips. Individuals can enhance their voice power by learning and practicing pronunciation, enunciation, speed of delivery, pitch of voice and use of pauses.

Voice is not only the index of mind but also the index of ones‟ character. Experienced telephone operators have well modulated voice. Individuals can improve their voice quality by exercising the throat muscles, improving breathing while talking and practicing deep breathing regularly. Ability to use paralanguage effectively reflects persons‟ status, educational background, national / regional roots and clues about their state of mind. Some times, paralanguage can also misguide.

SHARMAS COMMUNICATION SKILLS

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF PARALANGUAGE

(1) Advantages of Paralanguage

Several advantages are:

1. Closely allied to language, no oral message can be complete without it
2. Paralanguage is a good indicator of speakers‟ status in the organizational hierarchy
3. Paralanguage tells clearly about speakers‟ educational background
4. Paralanguage speaks volume of speakers‟ national, regional background and this is very useful in dealing with them
5. Paralanguage gives clues about speakers‟ state of mind and can help receivers decide how to deal with them
6. Since people belong to different continents, countries and communities, it is difficult to achieve uniformity in how the message should be conveyed

(2) Limitations of Paralanguage

Paralanguage has also a few limitations:

1. Paralanguage in non-verbal. It is like language but it is not the language. Hence it cannot be entirely relied upon.
2. Often „what is said‟ does not blend with „how it is said‟. It requires extra care from listeners to get the exact meanings of the message.
3. When voice quality and pitch of the speaker is not up to the mark, listeners have to remain open minded and patient to get the message correctly
4. Paralanguage may sometime misguide or mislead listeners
5. Since people belong to different countries, continents and communities, it is difficult to achieve uniformity in how the message should be conveyed.

Students should not underestimate the power of their voice. Voice is the most effective weapon in the armoury of managers / leaders. It can carry them a long way in their ambitions to become successful speakers and effective communicators.

Human voice can be trained to become strong and commanding, soft and soothing, caring and caressing to suit the individual situation. Voice has been rightly described as a „celestial melody‟

CORRECTING ONES‟ VOICE - 2

CORRECTING ONES‟ VOICE - 2

A flat, cold voice leaves a lot to be desired. Everyone can improve the quality of his voice by:

 Exercising the throat muscles
 Improving breathing while talking
 Practising deep breathing regularly

(1) Exercising throat muscles

Some people talk very loudly and may develop it in to a habit. Loud speaking taxes one‟s throat muscles as vocal chords are overworked because of the pressure exerted on them. Persons can suffer from permanent hoarse throat.
A regular exercise of the throat muscles to relax them is absolutely essential. As a long-term measure, the speakers must learn to speak without over-straining the throat muscles. Voice is God‟s gift to human beings; it is a possession they must value and treasure. For example, a doctor‟s voice should soothe the patients and a teacher‟s voice should capture the attention of the students.

(2) Improving breathing while speaking

Some persons have difficulties in breathing while speaking because they may have developed a wrong habit of breathing through the mouth. This needs to be corrected with a lot of practice. Just as a good singer cannot afford to mix up normal breathing while singing, this correction can be achieved by conscious efforts over time.

(3) Practising deep breathing regularly

Deep breathing has a major role in ones‟ life. It is far more useful to a speaker or a person whose profession involves a lot of speaking. A few deep breaths before going on to the stage can help one overcome nervousness and tension. Some speakers speak rather fast for which ability to take longer breath is an advantage. Indistinct voice can result from weak movement of the tongue. Proper posture is also important for clear and soft voice. Experts advise speaking from the bottom of lungs. If people practice yoga exercises of deep breathing regularly, they may reap the benefits of a fascinating and melodious voice.

CORRECTING ONES‟ VOICE

CORRECTING ONES‟ VOICE

Communication skills are the most important personal soft skills that need to be acquired early to give a good start to ones‟ life. An ideal conversation is an exchange of thoughts among persons participating. It is not an exercise in wit or oratory. As a rule, it is always better to think about the way of saying rather than pre-occupy mind with the subject alone when the speech is being delivered. It is always better to be enigmatic and un-predictable rather than be a non-stop talker. Voice reveals ones‟ personality – an aggressive and dictatorial person usually has a loud voice and a commanding tone while a meek, peace loving person has a soft and gentle voice.

Voice is not only the index of mind but also an index of the character of the speaker. Voice is said to be the „sweetest harmony‟. Voice of the loved ones is like „honey to ones‟ ears‟.
Telephone operators are trained to speak in a warm, well-modulated tone. If a telephone operator is smiling while talking, callers can feel it in her tone of speech. Telephone operators are rehearsed to use plenty of „pleases‟ and „thank you‟. Every one has to cultivate a habit of talking in to telephones. Speaking clearly without swallowing words is a must for a good telephone personality.

SKILLS FOR ENHANCING VOICE POWER - 2

SKILLS FOR ENHANCING VOICE POWER - 2

(1) Pronunciation

Pronunciation imparts life to the words. Leaders who are international travellers, global trainers etc have to spend time learning the way the pronunciation changes among communities and countries. These also change in different parts of the same country as is common in India. If speakers can learn and quickly adapt to the local lingua, the impact of their message goes a long way.

(2) Enunciation

Enunciation and tone of the voice go together. Some sentences, anecdotes play central role in conveying the message and need to be enunciated properly and correctly by varying the tone of the voice to suit the story in the message. Suggestions to improve their rendering in a speech are fetching and speakers should learn to modify the speech from possible listeners‟ point of view.

(3) Speed of delivery

Some speakers deliver their speeches very fast while others are very slow and boring. The correct speed is between 150 to 200 words. Anything above 200 words per minute is fast. The only exception to this rule is the need to enunciate the message. If faster delivery for a few sentences is required to make the right impact, it should be so incorporated in the speech.

(4) Pitch of the voice

Husky voice may be an asset for an actress. Most speakers have to use the mike to deliver the speech. For such persons, ensuring use of the right pitch of the voice is important. That would also be comfortable for the audience who are the customers as the message is intended for them.

(5) Pauses

Pauses are like punctuations in a written message. They should be observed at the right places. It makes the speech more effective. Effective speakers pause just before making an important point and sometimes, even after making an important point to ensure that it has been well received. Absence of pauses distracts listeners.
A few deep breaths at the beginning of a formal speech and correct breathing throughout the delivery embellish a speech.

SKILLS FOR ENHANCING VOICE POWER

SKILLS FOR ENHANCING VOICE POWER

Every individual should want to improve his ability to enhance his voice power. These days business schools are organizing stage shows, dramas etc so that student managers can hone their skills in throwing their voice to their best advantage when they face the listeners.

For stage actors, this skill is extremely valuable for their professional advancement. In modern production methodologies for movies, „acting‟ part is separated from the „dubbing‟ part and actors either learn formally or through repeated experience how to modulate their voice, increase or decrease the pitch, tone and speed of delivery to make the maximum impact on the scene that is being dubbed.

Successful orators spend hours in practicing their speeches. They pre-decide the points of importance and how to modulate the voice so that they can impact the understanding of the listeners most. Every significant stop or pause is well thought of. The positioning of anecdotes, humorous or otherwise, is thought out before hand and executed with finesse.

National and international leaders get their speeches written by reputed persons who know their style of delivery. Even so, these speeches are pre-tested with a select audience of critics, political and other thinkers who listen to the draft speech carefully, give their valuable suggestions on content and delivery and even suggest changing and chopping of critical sentences etc.

Whatever be the level of the speaker, in addition to the suggestions as above, they should also indicate corrections to the draft speech. These usually relate to:

 Pronunciation
 Enunciation
 Speed of delivery
 Pitch of the voice
 Pauses

Organs of speech

Organs of speech

These can be divided in to three groups as below:
(i) Respiratory system
It comprises of:
 Lungs
 Muscles of the chest
 Wind pipe
Since people are well aware of these parts, no further details are necessary.
ii) Phonatory system
It comprises of:

(a) Larynx
These are two vocal cords that look like a pair of lips placed horizontally from front to back. It is located on top of the windpipe through which the air stream comes out after it is released by the lungs. They are joined in the front but separated at the back and the opening between the two cords is called „glottis‟.

The vocal cords are held loosely together. When air comes from the lungs, it is under pressure that vibrates the cords producing the sound. The frequency of the vibration is directly related to the number of times these cords open and close. Frequency of vibrations determines the pitch of the voice.

(b) Pharynx
It is a tube that begins just above the larynx. At the top, it is divided in to two parts, one part being the back of the mouth and the other being the beginning of the way to nasal cavity.
(iii) Articulatory system
It comprises of the nose, the mouth including the teeth, the tongue, the soft palate and the lips. The roles of the palate, the tongue and the lips are described below:

(a) The palate
The roof of the mouth can be divided in to three parts:
Teeth ridge or the alveolar ridge – It is the part just behind the teeth. It is the hard convex surface behind the upper front teeth.

The hard palate – It is the hard concave surface the follows the teeth ridge
The soft palate or the vellum – The back part of the roof is called the soft palate
The soft palate can be lowered to close the nasal passage.

When nasal passage is closed, sounds are produced with the escape of air stream through the oral passage. These sounds are called oral sounds. Excepting sounds for „m‟, „n‟ and „r‟, all other sounds are „oral sounds‟.

When the nasal passage is opened and simultaneously, oral passage is closed by closing the lips or part of the tongue making a firm contact with some part of the roof of the mouth, the air stream coming from lungs passes through the nasal passage and makes „nasal sounds‟.
When both oral and nasal passages are open for the air stream from lungs to escape, the sounds thus produced are called „nasalized sounds‟.

(b) The tongue

Surface of the tongue is divided in to four parts:
 The tip or the extreme end of the tongue
 The blade or the part that lies opposite the teeth ridge
 The front or the part that lies opposite to the hard palate
 The back or the part that lies opposite the soft palate
The tongue can take different positions to articulate different vowels and consonantal sounds.

Vowel sounds

There are 20 vowel sounds recorded. In the articulation of vowel sounds any part of the tongue can be raised towards the roof of the mouth. The tongue can be raised to different degrees for the articulation of different vowel sounds:

 Vowels for which front of the tongue is raised, are called „front vowels‟
 Vowels for which central part of the tongue is raised, are called „central vowels‟
 Vowels for which back part of the tongue is raised, are called „back vowels‟

In the production of vowel sounds, air stream comes out from the lungs continuously through the mouth and vocal cords vibrate. There is no closure of the passage nor there is narrowing of the passage.

Consonantal sounds

Consonantal sounds are produced because of the audible friction arising from the narrowing of passages for the exhaled air steam. Consonantal sounds are modified by the different positions of soft palate, tongue, lips etc. These sounds can be both:

 Voiceless
 Voiced

Whether it is voiceless or voiced depends upon the position of the vocal cords. When they are drawn close together, they vibrate and it is voiced. If they are drawn wide apart, they do not vibrate even when the air stream passes through them aggressively. Consequently they are voiceless.
Articulation of consonantal sounds

Three factors play important roles in the articulation of consonantal sounds:
 Place of articulation
 Manner of articulation
 Strictures

With these three variable factors, everyone can create very large array of ways of articulating words, phrases and sentences that would directly pierce through the heart of listeners.

(c) The lips
The lips play an important role in the articulation of some of the consonantal sounds. The lips can be:
 Tightly shut
 Brought together loosely

1. Drawn apart
2. Brought near to each other with a narrow gap in between

The lips also assume following positions for articulating vowel sounds:
 Spread
 Open
 Rounded
 Neutral

Physiology of speech

Physiology of speech

Speech comes from a special mechanism that has following three parts:

(i) Energiser
It is the exhaled breath of the speaker

(ii) Vibrator
It is the vocal cord of the speaker

(iii) Resonator
It is the passages represented by the throat, mouth and / or nose.

The exhaled air stream when it passes through the windpipe to the mouth or nose produces the sound:

 When it passes through the mouth or the oral passage, oral sounds are produced
 When it passes through the nose or the nasal passage, nasal sounds are produced

UNDERSTANDING SPEECH MECHANISM - Phonetics

UNDERSTANDING SPEECH MECHANISM - Phonetics

In view of the critical importance of voice in speech delivery, it is useful to have a good idea of the physiological aspects of speech. It has also been given a great deal of importance in the study of almost all human languages.

It is a branch of language that deals with the study of speech, sound, their reproduction and combination. It deals with how production, transmission and reception of sounds in a particular human language take place. A spoken language consists of a succession of varying sounds for which several parts of body are used.

Spoken medium is also known as „aural communication. (Written communication is also known as visual communication). Learning a human language involves the process of learning the reproduction of sounds and patterns used by other human beings as each language has its own system. Usually there is a relationship between the sounds and letters representing these sounds. Unfortunately, in English language this relationship is not as consistent as it is in most Indian languages.

QUALITY OF VOICE

QUALITY OF VOICE

Everyone should be an honest judge of his voice. Listen to own recorded voice on an audio-cassette. The voice can be corrected by practicing – reading aloud from books, magazines and newspapers. Reciting poems loudly also helps.

Correcting ones‟ voice and regular practice in speaking helps and is very rewarding.
Quality of voice can be judged from the following three aspects:

1. Tone
 Pitch
 Texture

These are described below:

(1) Tone of speech

„Tones of human voice are mightier than the strings of brass in moving the soul‟. We also know that army commanders‟ tone can catapult soldiers in to action at the quick. Tones of voice convey a vast range of emotions – from anger to happiness, from sorrow to command etc.

A mother‟s tone soothes her baby. Film stars are trained to modulate the tone of their voice to suit the demands of the scene they are enacting. They spend many long hours in the dubbing studios to record the correct „tone‟ of their voice.

In speech, it is the vocal sound and covers the choice of words, phrases etc. It stands for intonation of their voice that expresses a particular meaning or feeling of the speaker / writer. It represents a certain attitude on the part of the speaker / writer.

Tone stands for elegance – a distinctive style. It is the rising, falling and other inflections by words that are otherwise pronounced in the same manner that differentiate a speaker. It is that sound which is distinct and identifiable even when it is in harmonic relations with other sounds. It means the sound produced by the vibrations of the vocal cords that has a syllabic stress imparts the desired tone that tunes in with the listeners.

(2) Pitch of the speech

It is the process of setting up or erecting, throwing, casting, flinging or hurting forward the voice. It is intended to fix a particular point, level or degree of speech delivery. It is the quality of sound that is determined by the frequency of vibrations of the sound waves reaching the listeners‟ ears. As a rule, greater the frequency of vibrations, higher is the pitch of speech.

(3) Texture of the speech

Derived from the weaving of the fabrics, it connotes the composition and the structure of the speech. It should be woven like artists do. Speakers or writers are like artists who have at their disposal a set of speech organs and they should weave the magic of their offerings in a systematic and logical manner so that it shows their class.

IMPORTANCE OF VOICE

IMPORTANCE OF VOICE 

The critical role of voice in oral communication cannot be over-emphasized. Following findings of a study are both interesting and revealing:

What you say - 07 % (mostly hearing)
How you say - 38 % (hearing and seeing)
Body language - 55 % (seeing)

From the above it is evident that „what is said‟ in not as important as „how it is said‟. And „how‟ is greatly influenced by the reproduction of sound waves, their transmission and reception by the listeners.
The quality, tone and texture of your voice and the manner and speed of its delivery have a major role in influencing the audience. Combined with other etiquettes / mannerism, „how it is said‟ is over five time more effective than „what is said‟.

 TYPES OF VOICES

Several notable types of voices are:

 Baby voices
 Pleasing voices
 Firm voices
 Unattractive voice

(1) Baby voices
The moment a baby is borne, it starts communicating. A newly born baby expresses itself through „gurgling sounds‟. Mothers can make it out soon. Experienced mothers can guess very accurately from the sounds a baby makes, whether it is hungry or has wetted the bed or is just missing the presence of someone.
Equally, even babies, at very early stage, are able to distinguish between tones of its parents - whether it is endearing, playful or unpleasant.
Pet dogs respond to the tones of their masters very faithfully – they go by the way some thing is said rather than understand the verbal command. It is surprising how accurate they are in their interpretation of their masters‟ commands. For example:
 Pet animals obey promptly the „stern voice‟ of their masters
 Pet dogs start wagging their tails to a „loving voice‟
 Pet dogs can start jumping to a playful tone of their masters‟ voice
At other times, they start licking the master.

(2) Pleasing voice
A pleasing voice is the first requirement of a „charming speech‟. The future managers and leaders must cultivate it assiduously.

(3) Firm voice
A firm but quiet voice is an asset to a speaker. Cultivating a firm but quiet voice is an art. You have to practise hard to achieve a certain level of expertise. It pays rich dividends to the possessor of such a voice. It makes ones‟ utterances very persuasive. Speakers with this voice quality command greater attention as people like listening to them.

(4) Unattractive voice
Unattractive voice can drive people away from them. Shrill voice gets on people‟s nerves. Swan is beautiful to look at and has a graceful body but it possesses a shrill voice. A loud woman sounds very derogatory – audience would not like her speech either. The unattractive voice can be further classified as below:
(i) Harsh voice
It may arise from the tension in the throat muscles. Practise deep breathing and other exercises to relax throat muscles. Try and practise speaking at a low pitch. Speakers should open mouth just enough for throwing the voice to the audience.
(ii) Shrill voice
If the voice is shrill, it is difficult to overcome the deficiency without the help of a speech therapist.
(iii) Nasal voice
A nasal twang can spoil ones‟ voice and make it unpleasant to listen to. The persons with nasal voice should pay attention to improve quality of their voice. In no case should one become self-conscious. Please remember that a natural flow and smoothness of words is the best.

KINE SICS OR BODY MOVEMENTS

KINE SICS OR BODY MOVEMENTS

Kine sics literally means „body movements‟ and has emerged as the most important area of non-verbal communication. Kine sics stands for the way the body communicates without words but with the use of movements of the body.

It must be understood that the body movements are the reflections of ones‟ feelings, emotions, thoughts and position in a given situation. By nodding their head or by shrugging their shoulders or by blinking their eyes, people are able to send messages that are often stronger than the spoken words. They are able to convey a large array of emotions, feelings and thoughts that need to be inferred from the signs and signals involving body movement.

Although the list of different parts of the body is large, following  are considered as important

 Facial expressions including smiling
 Eye contact, gazing, glancing and eye blocking
 Hands, palms, handshakes, double handshakes, arms, hands and fingers together
 Thumbs and fingers
 Legs and feet postures
 Walking styles

COMPONENTS OF BODY LANGUAGE

COMPONENTS OF BODY LANGUAGE

Non-verbal communication has emerged as area of major interest to individuals because they can exploit the knowledge successfully during negotiations and other major human interactions. Based on the developments in the broad field of body language, subject can be grouped in to the followings;

(1) Kinesics
Kinesics is the study of movements of different parts of the body

(2) Paralinguistics
Also called Para Language - it concerns with study of the role of the vocal aspects viz., volume, speed, modulation, clarity etc while speaking.

(3) Proxemics
It relates to the role and importance of personal or spatial distance when people interact socially.

(4) Chronomics
It relates to concept of time and its impact on humans in communication.

(5) Neuro Linguistic Programming
Effective communication is the perception of „what has been received‟ rather than „what has been delivered‟ and in this five human senses have significant role and influence. Neuro Linguistic Programming studies this aspect of human interaction.